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The Davidic line refers to the descendants of , who established the House of David ( ) in the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah. In , the lineage is based on texts from the , as well as on later .

According to the biblical narrative, David of the tribe of Judah engaged in a protracted conflict with of the Tribe of Benjamin after the latter succeeded his father to become the second king of an amalgamated Israel and Judah. Amidst this struggle, had sent his prophet to anoint David as the true king of the . Following Ish-bosheth's assassination at the hands of his own army captains, David officially acceded to the throne around 1010 BCE, replacing the House of Saul with his own and becoming the Israelite third king.

(2025). 9781444356236, John Wiley & Sons. .
(1996). 9780838636602, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. .
He was succeeded by his son , whose mother was . Solomon's death led to the rejection of the House of David by most of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, with only Judah and Benjamin remaining loyal: the dissenters chose as their monarch and formed the Kingdom of Israel in the north (); while the loyalists kept Solomon's son as their monarch and formed the Kingdom of Judah in the south (). With the success of Jeroboam's Revolt having severed Israel's connection to the House of David, only the Judahite monarchs, except , were part of the Davidic line.

In the aftermath of the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem around 587 BCE, Solomon's Temple was destroyed and the Kingdom of Judah fell to the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Nearly 450 years later, the Hasmonean dynasty established the first independent Jewish kingdom since the Babylonian conquest, though it was not considered to be connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah.

In Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (rtl=yes) will be a Jewish king whose paternal bloodline traces to David. He is expected to rule over the during the and in the world to come.


Historicity
Very little is conclusively known about the House of David. The Tel Dan Stele mentions the death of the reigning king from "BYTDWD", (interpreted as "House of David") and thus far is the only extrabiblical explicit mention of himself. The stele is dated to circa 840 BCE; however, the name of the Davidic king is not totally preserved, as much of the stele has not survived since the 9th century BCE. All that remains of the name is the final syllable, the extremely common theophoric suffix -yahū. Because the stele coincides the death of the Davidic king with the death of [Jehoramram]], the king of the Kingdom of Samaria, scholars have reconstructed the second slain king as Ahaziah of Judah, the only king contemporary to Jehoram with a name ending in -yahū.

The earliest unambiguously attested king from the Davidic line is , who reigned in the 8th century BCE, about 75 years after Ahaziah, who is named on bullae seals belonging to his servants Abijah and Shubnayahu.Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153–59, 219. Uzziah may also be mentioned in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III; however, the texts are largely fragmentary.Haydn, Howell M. Azariah of Judah and Tiglath-Pileser III in Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1909), pp. 182–199 Additionally, a tombstone dated to the Second Temple Period claiming to mark the grave (or, reburial) site of Uzziah, was discovered in a convent on the Mount of Olives in 1931, but there is no way of determining if the remains were genuinely Uzziah's as the stone had to have been carved more than 700 years after Uzziah died and was originally interred, and the tablet's provenance remains a mystery. A controversial artefact called the recalls deeds performed by Jehoash of Judah, who reigned about 44 years before Uzziah; however, scholars are tensely divided on whether or not the inscription is genuine. After Uzziah, each successive king of Judah is attested to in some form, with the exception of Amon of Judah: , Uzziah's successor, is named on the seals of his own son and successor, ,Deutsch, Robert. " First Impression: What We Learn from King Ahaz's Seal ". Biblical Archaeology Review, July 1998, pp. 54–56, 62 who ruled from 732 to 716 BCE. , Ahaz's son, is attested to by numerous royal sealsCross, Frank Moore (March–April 1999). " King Hezekiah's Seal Bears Phoenician Imagery". Biblical Archaeology Review. and Sennacherib's Annals;Oppenheim, A. L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 287–288 Manasseh is recorded giving tribute to ;Oppenheim, A. L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 291 has no relics explicitly naming him; however, seals belonging to his son EliashibAlbright, W. F. in Pritchard 1969, p. 569 and officials Weiss, Bari. The Story Behind a 2,600-Year-Old Seal Who was Natan-Melech, the king's servant? New York Times. March 30, 2019 2,600-year old seal discovered in City of David. Jerusalem Post. April 1, 2019 and Heltzer, Michael, THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 204 have been discovered; and the kings Jehoahaz II, , and are never explicitly named in historical records but are instead alluded to; however, is mentioned by name in Babylonian documents detailing the rations he and his sons were given while held prisoner during the Babylonian captivity.James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969) 308.

The origins of the dynasty, on the other hand, are shrouded in mystery. The Tel Dan Stele, as aforementioned, remains the only mention of David himself outside the Bible, and the historical reliability of the United Monarchy of Israel is archaeologically weak. The Stepped Stone Structure and Large Stone Structure in , assuming 's contested stratigraphic dating of the structures to the Iron Age I is accurate, show that Jerusalem was at least somewhat populated in King David's time, and lends some credence to the biblical claim that Jerusalem was originally a Canaanite fortress; however, Jerusalem seems to have been barely developed until long after David's death, bringing into question the possibility that it could have been the imperial capital described in the Bible. In David's time, the capital probably served as little more than a formidable citadel, and the Davidic "kingdom" was most likely closer to a loosely-confederated regional polity, albeit a relatively substantial one. On the other hand, excavations at and Eglon, as well as structures from , , and other sites conventionally dated to the 10th century BCE, are interpreted by many scholars to show that Judah was capable of accommodating large-scale urban societies centuries before minimalist scholars claim,

(2025). 9781481307437, Baylor University Press.
(2025). 9781317392552, Routledge.
and some have taken the physical archaeology of tenth-century as consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its territory,
(2025). 9780802803962, William B. Eerdmans. .
as archaeological findings demonstrate substantial development and growth at several sites, plausibly related to the tenth century.
(1995). 9780415167628, Routledge. .
Even so, as for David and his immediate descendants themselves, the position of some scholars, as described by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed, espouses that David and Solomon may well be based on "certain historical kernels", and probably did exist in their own right, but their historical counterparts simply could not have ruled over a wealthy lavish empire as described in the Bible, and were more likely chieftains of a comparatively modest Israelite society in Judah and not regents over a kingdom proper.
(2025). 9780743243629, Free Press. .
p. 20


History

Kingdom of Israel and Judah
According to the , upon being chosen and becoming king, one was customarily anointed with holy oil poured on one's head. In David's case, this was done by the Samuel.

Initially, David was king over the Tribe of Judah only and ruled from , but after seven and a half years, the other tribes, who found themselves leaderless after the death of , chose him to be their king as well.Mandel, David. Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society, 1 Jan 2010, p. 85

All subsequent kings in both the ancient first united Kingdom of Israel and the later Kingdom of Judah claimed direct descent from King David to validate their claim to the throne in order to rule over the Israelite tribes.


Division after Solomon's death
After the death of David's son, , the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son, , and instead chose as king and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel. This kingdom was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE which exiled much of the Northern Kingdom population and ended its sovereign status. The bulk population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel was forced to relocate to Mesopotamia and mostly disappeared from history as The Ten Lost Tribes or intermixed with exiled Judean populations two centuries later, while the remaining Israelite peoples in Samaria highlands have become known as during the classic era and to modern times.


The Exilarchate
Later rabbinical authorities granted the office of exilarch to family members that traced its patrilinealMax A Margolis and Alexander Marx, A History of the Jewish People (1927), p. 235. descent from , King of Israel. The highest official of Babylonian Jewry was the (, "Head of the Diaspora"). Those who held the position traced their ancestry to the House of David in the male line. The position holder was regarded as a king-in-waiting, residing in Babylonia in the Achaemenid Empire as well as during the classic era. The Seder Olam Zutta attributes the office to , a member of the Davidic line, who is mentioned as one of the leaders of the Jewish community in the 6th century BC, holding the title of Achaemenid Governor of .


Hasmonean and Herodian periods
The Hasmoneans, also known as the , established their own monarchy in following their against the . The Hasmoneans were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah. The had always been excluded from the Israelite monarchy, so when the Maccabees assumed the throne in order to rededicate the defiled , a cardinal rule was broken. According to scholars within , this is considered to have contributed to their downfall and the eventual downfall of Judea; internal strife allowing for Roman occupation and the violent installation of Herod the Great as over the Roman province of Judea; and the subsequent destruction of the by the future .

During the Hasmonean period, the Davidic line was largely excluded from the royal house in Judea, but some members had risen to prominence as religious and communal leaders. One of the most notable of those was Hillel the Elder, who moved to Judea from his birthplace in Babylon. His great-grandson Simeon ben Gamliel became one of the Jewish leaders during the First Jewish–Roman War.Wilhelm Bacher, Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1906). " Simeon II. (Ben Gamaliel I.)", Jewish Encyclopedia. N.b.: the Jewish Encyclopedia speaks of "his grandfather Hillel", but the sequence was Hillel the Elder-Simeon ben Hillel-Gamaliel the Elder-Simeon ben Gamliel, thus great-grandson is correct.


Middle Ages
The Exilarchate in the was briefly abolished as a result of a revolt by the in the late 5th century CE, with his son being denied the office and relocating to , then within the . Mar Ahunai lived in the period succeeding Mar Zutra II, but for almost fifty years after the failed revolt he did not dare to appear in public, and it is not known whether even then () he really acted as Exilarch. The names of Kafnai and his son Haninai, who were Exilarchs in the second half of the 6th century, have been preserved.

The Exilarchate in Mesopotamia was officially restored after the Arab conquest in the 7th century and continued to function during the early . Exilarchs continued to be appointed until the 11th century, with some members of the Davidic line dispersing across the Islamic world. There are conflicting accounts of the fate of the Exilarch family in the 11th century; according to one version Hezekiah ben David, who was the last Exilarch and also the last Gaon, was imprisoned and tortured to death. Two of his sons fled to Al-Andalus, where they found refuge with Joseph, the son and successor of Samuel ibn Naghrillah. However, The Jewish Quarterly Review mentions that Hezekiah was liberated from prison, and became head of the academy, and is mentioned as such by a contemporary in 1046.Jewish Quarterly Review, hereafter "J. Q. R.", xv. 80. An unsuccessful attempt of David ben Daniel of the Davidic line to establish an Exilarchate in the Fatimid Caliphate failed and ended with his downfall in 1094.

In the 11th–15th century, families that descended from the Exilarchs that lived in the South of France ( and ) and in northern Iberian peninsula (, and Castile) received the title "Nasi" in the communities and were called "free men". They had a special economic and social status in the Jewish community, and they were close to their respective governments, some serving as advisers and tax collectors/finance ministers.

These families had special rights in Narbonne, Barcelona, and Castile. They possessed real estate and received the title "Don" and  de la Kblriih ( De la Cavalleria). Among the families of the "Sons of the Free" are the families of and .

In his book, A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France, Arthur J. Zuckerman proposes a theory that from 768 to 900 CE a Jewish Princedom ruled by members of the Exilarchs existed in feudal France. However, this theory has been widely contested.

(1972). 9780231032988, Columbia University Press.
Descendants of the house of exilarchs were living in various places long after the office became extinct. The grandson of Hezekiah ben David through his eldest son David ben Chyzkia, , died in 1154 in Castile according to Abraham ibn Daud and is the ancestor of the ibn Yahya family. Several families, as late as the 14th century, traced their descent back to Josiah, the brother of David ben Zakkai who had been banished to Chorasan (see the genealogies in Lazarus pp. 180 et seq.). The descendants of the Karaite Exilarchs have been referred to above.

A number of Jewish families in the Iberian peninsula and within continued to preserve the tradition of descent from Exilarchs in the Late Middle Ages, including the families of , ibn Yahya and Ben-David. The patriarch of the Coronel Family, , is referred to in a letter of 1487 from the Jews of Castile to the Jews of Rome and Lombardy as 'the Exilarch who is over us'.

(2025). 9781874774419, Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
Several Ashkenazi scholars also claimed descent from King David. On his father's side, has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant of Johanan HaSandlar, who was a fourth-generation descendant of , who was reputedly descended from the Davidic line. Similarly claimed 37 generations between him and Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi, who was also a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel. Meir Perels traced the ancestry of Judah Loew ben Bezalel to the through Judah Loew's alleged great-great-grandfather Judah Leib the Elder and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty; however, this claim is widely disputed, by many scholars such as Otto Muneles.See The Maharal of Prague's Descent from King David, by Chaim Freedman, published in Avotaynu Vol 22 No 1, Spring 2006 Hai Gaon was the son of , who claimed descent from Rabbah b. Abuha, who belonged to the family of the exilarch, thereby claiming descent from the Davidic line. Sherira's son-in-law was Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken. The patriarch of the , Yitskhak Eizik Meisels, was an alleged 10th generation descendant of the Exilarch, . The of claim paternal descent from the Exilarch, . The Jewish banking family Louis Cahen d'Anvers claimed descent from the Davidic Line Rabbi , who is a modern-day claimant to the Davidic throne in Israel and the founder of the Monarchist party , descends from the Dayan family of , who paternally descend from Hasan ben Zakkai, the younger brother of the Exilarch David I (d. 940). One of Hasan's descendants Solomon ben Azariah ha-Nasi settled in Aleppo were the family became Dayan's (judges) of the city and thus adopted the surname Dayan. The Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty) line is traced to King David by way of Rabbi Yohanan, the sandal-maker and master in the .. Tales of the Hasidim, Schocken 1947; this edition 1991, p. 98-99. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, could trace his lineage back to Rabbi Shnuer Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad Hasidic movement, and ultimately to King David.


In Judaism

Eschatology
In Jewish eschatology, the term mashiach, or "Messiah", came to refer to a future Jewish from the Davidic line, who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the . The Messiah is often referred to as "King Messiah", or, in Hebrew, מלך משיח ( melekh mashiach), and, in Aramaic, malka meshiḥa.

views have generally held that the Messiah will be a descendant of ,See : and will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the , father a male heir, re-institute the , and so on. Jewish tradition alludes to two redeemers, both of whom are called mashiach and are involved in ushering in the Messianic age: Mashiach ben David; and Mashiach ben Yosef. In general, the term Messiah unqualified refers to Mashiach ben David (Messiah, son of David).


Modern legacy
In 2012, The Jerusalem Post reported that philanthropist Susan Roth created Davidic Dynasty as subsidiary of her Eshet Chayil Foundation, dedicated to finding, databasing, and connecting Davidic descendants and running the King David Legacy Center in Jerusalem. In 2020, Roth chose Brando Crawford, a descendant from both grandfathers, to represent the organization internationally. The King David Legacy Center has seen support from Jews in Jerusalem.


In other Abrahamic religions

Christianity
In the interpretation the "Davidic covenant" of a Davidic line in 2 Samuel 7 is understood in various ways, traditionally referring to the genealogies of Jesus in the . One Christian interpretation of the Davidic line counts the line as continuing to son of , according to the genealogies which are written in Matthew 1:1-16 descendants of Solomon and Luke 3:23-38 descendants of Nathan son of David through the line of Mary.

Because Jews have historically believed that the Messiah will be a male-line descendant of David, the lineage of Jesus is sometimes cited as a reason why Jews do not believe that he was the Messiah. As the proposed son of God, he could not have been a male descendant of David because according to the genealogy of his earthly parents, Mary and Joseph, he did not have the proper lineage, because he would not have been a male descendant of Mary, and Joseph, who was a descendant of , because Jeconiah's descendants are explicitly barred from ever ruling Israel by God.This is what the LORD says: 'Record this man as if he is childless, a man who will not prosper in his lifetime, for none of his offspring will prosper, none of them will sit on the throne of David or rule in Judah anymore.— Jeremiah 22:30, NIV

Another Christian interpretation emphasizes the minor, non-royal, line of David through 's brother Nathan as it is recorded in the Gospel of Luke chapter 3 (entirely undocumented in the Hebrew Bible), which is often understood to be the family tree of Mary's father. A widely spread traditional Christian interpretation relates the non-continuation of the main Davidic line from Solomon to the godlessness of the line of which started in the early 500s BC, when cursed the main branch of the Solomonic line, by saying that no descendant of "JeConiah" would ever reign on the throne of Israel again ().H. Wayne House Israel: Land and the People 1998 114 "And yet, Judah has also been without a king of the Solomonic line since the Babylonian exile. Because of Jeremiah's curse on Jehoiachin (Coniah) in the early 500s BC (Jer. 22:30), the high priests of Israel, while serving as the ..." Some Christian commentators also believe that this same "curse" is the reason why , the rightful Solomonic king during the time of , was not given a kingship under the .Warren W. Wiersbe -The Wiersbe Bible Commentary: The Complete Old Testament - 2007 p. 1497 "Zerubbabel was the grandson of King Jehoiachin (Jeconiah, Matt. 1:12; Coniah, Jer. 22:24, 28), and therefore of the royal line of David. But instead of wearing a crown and sitting on a throne, Zerubbabel was the humble governor of a ..."

The Tree of Jesse (a reference to David's father) is a traditional Christian artistic representation of Jesus' genealogical connection to David.


Islam
The mentions the House of David once: "Work, O family of David, in gratitude. And few of My servants are grateful."Quran 34:13 and mentions David himself sixteen times.

According to some Islamic sources, some of the Jewish settlers in Arabia were of the Davidic line, Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi recorded: "A Jewish man from the Davidic line entered and found the people in deep sorrow. He enquired the people, 'What is wrong?' Some of the people replied: passed away".Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi, Bihār al-Anwār, Dar Al-Rida Publication, Beirut, (1983), volume 30 page 99


See also
  • History of ancient Israel and Judah
    • Kings of Israel and Judah
    • Kings of Judah
  • , a Sephardic Jewish family claiming descent from David
  • Bagrationi dynasty, a Georgian dynasty claiming descent from David
    • Claim of the biblical descent of the Bagrationi dynasty
  • Solomonic dynasty, an Ethiopian dynasty claiming descent from David's son Solomon
  • Tree of Jesse, a Christian artistic depiction of Jesus' family tree beginning with David's father Jesse

Sources
  • (2025). 9781317548911, Routledge. .
  • The Holy Bible: 1611 Edition (Thos. Nelson, 1993)


Notes

External links

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